Listening DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The primary functions of the digestive system are the (1)…………. of food called digestion and absorption of nutrients. Digestion begins in the mouth where the teeth break food into smaller (2)…………. during mastication. Salivary glands are located near the oral cavity secrete saliva which begins (3) …………. digestion and keeps the food moist.

As food is swallowed, the soft palate (4)………….the upper pharynx to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity and multiple voluntary muscles in the face, neck and tongue contract pushing food particles through the pharynx. The food passes over the (5)…………. which prevents food entry into the respiratory system and then into the esophagus which connects the pharynx to the stomach. The one-way movement of the food mass, called a bolus, is controlled by wave-like (6)…………. muscle contractions. This movement is known as (7)…………..

The bolus now enters the stomach. Folds in the stomach wall called (8)…………. allow for expansion as the stomach fills stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and various regulatory hormones that chemically digest the bolus. Muscular contractions in stomach turn its contents to further break down the bolus and mix it with stomach secretions to form a thick liquid called (9)………….. .

Chyme exits the stomach through the (10)…………. and enters the small intestine, the major site of nutrient absorption. The small intestine consists of three parts the (11) …………., (12) …………. and (13) …………. .

(14)…………. from the liver and digestive enzymes from the pancreas empty into the duodenum to (15)…………. in digestion. Absorbed nutrients pass from the lumen of the small intestine into blood and (16)………….

Chyme’s not absorbed in the small intestine enters the large intestine. As it passes through the cecum and ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, water and (17)…………. are absorbed and chyme is converted into (18)………….. The rectum stores feces until nervous stimulation initiates the defecation reflex resulting in (19)…………. through the (20)………….. .

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